Medicinal Herbs (Shilajit, Neem, Stevia)

Shilajit Once believed to be simply a powerful aphrodisiac, recent research has determined that the substance known as Shilajit has many additional health benefits not originally known to possess. Research conducted by The Medical College in Baroda, India based on ancient text discovered by Dr. Michael Hartman support these claims and show many ancillary health benefits of this powerful miracle herb. According to Dr.Michael Hartman, ancient texts described a mysterious substance known as shilajitas which was referred to as â€Å"the destroyer of weakness which provided powerful health benefits as well as provided users with positive changes in their total life balance. † Based on these translations performed by Dr. Hartman, The Medical College in Baroda, India went many steps further and applied modern-day scientific research to confirm these beliefs of nearly 3000 years prior.As recent as 2011, research performed at The Medical College in Baroda studied the effect of Shilajit on Diabetic Rats to monitor how this wonder herb effected blood glucose and lipid profiles when combined with traditional anti-diabetic drugs. Across the board, the Diabetic Rats which were given Shilajit experienced a significant reduction in blood glucose levels as well as increases in HDL levels. Based on this and other findings conducted with beginning human trials, The Medical College in Baroda concluded that Shilajit is a legitimate natural supplement which helps the long-term management of Diabetes. Neem Neem is a tree. The bark, leaves, and seeds are used to make medicine. Neem leaf is used for leprosy, eye disorders, bloody nose, intestinal worms, stomach upset, loss of appetite, skin ulcers, diseases of the heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular disease), fever, diabetes, gum disease (gingivitis), and liver problems. The leaf is also used for birth control and to cause abortions. The bark is used for malaria, stomach and intestinal ulcers, skin diseases, pain, and fever. The seed and seed oil are used for leprosy and intestinal worms.They are also used for birth control and to cause abortions. The stem, root bark, and fruit are used as a tonic and astringent. Some people apply Neem directly to the skin to treat head lice, skin diseases, wounds, and skin ulcers; as a mosquito repellent; and as a skin softener. Inside the vagina, neem is used for birth control. Neem is also used as an insecticide. Contd.. Stevia What is Stevia? Stevia is one of the most health restoring plants on earth. What whole leaf Stevia does both inside the body and on the skin is incredible.Native to Paraguay, it is a small green plant bearing leaves which have a delicious and refreshing taste that can be 30 times sweeter than sugar. Besides the intensely sweet glycosides (Steviosides, Rebaudiosides and a Dulcoside), various studies have found the leaf to contain proteins, fiber, carbohydrates, iron, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, zinc, rutin (a flavonoid), true vitamin A, Vitamin C and an oil which contains 53 other constituents. Quality Stevia leaves and whole leaf concentrate are nutritious, natural dietary supplements offering numerous health benefits.Slim Tea Slim Tea, a kind of herbal tea, especially prepared for controlling the obesity is a natural product composed of Himalayan herbs whose main focus is decreasing obesity. The main ingredients of Slim Tea like Gymnema sylvestre (reduces fats and helps preventing accumulation), Eommiphora mukul (reduces weight, scrapes fat deposits), Ocimum sanctum (good antioxidant, minimize negative effects of obesity) and Piper longum (increases metabolism and reduces fat deposits) are the anti-fat natural herbs which especially works on obesity decreasing fats of body and increasing metabolism activities.Therefore, slim works greatly against obesity and provide great other health benefits. It reduces the fat accumulation, increases the body’s metabolism and thereby reduce obesity and also minimizes the side – effects caused by overweight . For further information: Narendra Hamal +977-9851046024 n. [email  protected] com

Loss and grief Essay

INTRODUCTION Almost everyone in the world experiences an event which can be considered as a loss. It is the disappearance of something or someone important to an individual, grief is the natural response to the loss, people feel a range of emotions when they suffer a loss such as shock, panic, denial, anger and guilt. Death is one of the major events associated with loss but there are many others that occur which can also have a negative effect on someone’s life by impacting in various ways. A description of a range of losses which may trigger grief Any significant loss in our life can cause grief, and individuals can have a mixed range of feelings with regards to their loss. These losses include Infertility where the individual will experience emotions common to the death of a loved one, this type of loss can trigger many reactions such as depression, anger towards life in general or towards others that have children, shame, they feel they are less of a person as they are unable to have children, frustration, it can also result in the avoidance of social interactions (www.infertility.about.com). Divorce where the individual feels they have lost all hope and dreams for the future, fear of now having to cope alone, resentment towards the other person, guilt, they may also struggle with a lifestyle change which may also have a negative impact on social aspects of their life due to financial changes(www.divorcesupport.about.com). The loss of a job where the individual feels anger, jealousy of others who have a job, they may feel th ey have lost their identity and are useless. This can also cause the individual to suffer social exclusion (www.helpguide.org). There are many more that can trigger grief such as loss of a body function, rape, loss of a friendship, homelessness, role-redefinition. A description of two theoretical models of grief One model of grief I looked at was Kubler-Ross (1969) who initially developed the five stage model of grief, Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and Acceptance and later added to more, Shock and Testing. The stages are set up in the following way –  Shock Stage – The first response in hearing the unpleasant news, the person may freeze and be unable to take in what is being said. Denial Stage – This is a defence mechanism it is the refusal to accept what has happened. Anger Stage – This is when the person will suffer feelings of rage and may look for someone to blame ‘Why me, It’s not fair’. Bargaining Stage – This sis the stage where a person will try to negotiate or compromise, ‘can we still be friends? ’, they may also pray try and bargain with a god they believe in. Depression Stage – Person might withdraw at this stage, they will feel sadness, regret, fear, when at this stage it shows the person is beginning to accept the situation. Testing Stage – This is where the individual looks for realistic solutions to the problem. Acceptance Stage – This is when the person begins to come to terms with the event and can f inally see a way forward. Another model that is similar to Kubler-Ross is Psychodynamic or ‘Griefwork’ model by Colin Murray Parkes. This model also breaks the grief process down into five stages: 1 Alarm 2 Searching 3 Mitigation 4 Anger and Guilt 5 Gaining a new identity Parkes idea was that when a loss occurs the individual affected will inevitable go through transitions in their lives. These transitions can be very challenging as people have a feeling of security from their own every day routines in their lives. Parkes described this as a person’s ‘assumptive world’ and this is created on how it has always been. An individual’s concept is that this is how it will always be, to think differently from this would create feelings of insecurity. A persons thoughts would have to change from what they normally take for granted in order to cope with what has changed. Parks explains that most life changing events ‘ psychosocial transitions’ are those that: Entail people to alter their belief about the world. Are lasting in their implications rather than temporary. Take place within a short time giving little opportunity for preparation. If these three factors are present during a changing event then Parks explains that the persons ‘assumptive world’ endures major change.(Hnc Social Care Open Learning Pack) A description of a range of agencies which can offer support to people experiencing loss and grief A range of agencies who can offer support to people experiencing loss and grief include the following: Statutory Agencies – The local housing department, Nhs, G.P, department of social security who can help deal with any financial issues arising from the situation and the social work department who can help by providing services such as homecare, occupational therapy and community care. There is also a large number of voluntary organisations available to support people experiencing loss or grief such as Age concern who help to come to terms with old age and improve later life for everyone, they offer advice and information regarding health and housing and opportunities for training.(Age Concern.org.uk) Cancer Link offers counselling and support programmes to help cancer patients cope with their illness and treatment(www.cancerlink.co.uk). Victim Support gives free confidential help to victims of crime. They offer emotional and practical support such as counselling, help to fill out form, getting medical treatment and rehousing(www.victimsupport.co.uk). Cruse Bereavement Care Scotland offers support after bereavement and also offers information , support and training services to those who are helping someone who has suffered a bereavmenet(www.crusebereavment.org.uk), and Ardgowan Hospice who offer  support, respite care and end of life care to people suffering canc er or other life limiting illness. They offer a wide range of services from counselling, spiritual and bereavement support for patients and their family to yoga, hypnotherapy and relaxation classes. A description of how you supported an individual experiencing loss and grief not associated with death I have supported a person in my work place that experienced loss and grief by using effective communication including being a good listener. The service user had been the victim of a sexual assault. When the incident initially happened the service user was in denial and told no one, but it was clear from their behaviour that something was wrong with them, they were frightened of being alone and wanted constant reassurance that I would not move from outside their room door. I sat with the service user reassuring them that I was here for them and trying to encourage them to open up to me. Eventually the service user made the disclosure and we discussed how it would be dealt with i.e. contacting police and relevant agencies. Throughout this ordeal the service user has encountered a range of emotions from shame, guilt, feeling of being dirty, scared, they felt they had lost control of their lives and lost trust in people. I helped the service user work through these issues by sitting wit h them and listening carefully and being able to empathise with them. They were able to explore all their thoughts and feelings without feeling they were being judged. I also encouraged them to write about what they were feeling and thinking at times when they found it difficult to talk about. Through time and patients they grew stronger and were able to face what had happened to them and find a way to look to the future. A description of the legal and other procedures to be followed in the event of a death in two care settings Procedures following death in a care home for the elderly At the time of death the person who discovers the deceased needs to record the time of death, who was present and any relevant details of devices used  or if cpr was given along with their details on the relevant paper work. The next step would be to inform the medical practitioner responsible for that person’s care, as verification needs to be completed by them or an appropriate qualified nurse before the body can be removed. The person verifying they death must be aware of local guidance regarding verifying death. Which will be in line with national guidance. Verification should take place as soon as possible. The verification details should be recorded on the appropriate paperwork. The person verifying the death is responsible for confirming identity of deceased. A name band with the deceased person’s name, D.O.B, address and nhs number should be attached to the deceased person. The death then needs to be reported to the coroner and the relatives of the deceased in formed, if the death is unexpected the police must be informed and the body cannot be moved. Procedures following death in a hospital When death occurs within a hospital if the deceased was a patient the charge nurse will contact the deceased’s family to inform them, if the deceased was not a patient the family will be informed and asked to identify the body. If clinicians are unsure about the cause of death a post mortem must take place by legal requirements to determine the cause of death. The deceased person’s relatives must provide proof to allow them to collect the person’s personal possessions. Staff must be made aware if the deceased person was an organ donor. The hospital will then liaise with the families chosen undertaker, obtain the death certificate and make arrangements for the next of kin to collect the certificate. The following procedures for both including legal are taken from the Scottish Executive Website – www.scotland.gov.uk/library5/social/waad-pp.asp A description of how attitudes and practices surrounding death have changed in Britain Attitudes and practices have changed considerably in Britain today. In the past death was an event that was witnessed by all who lived in the house, including children. Once the person had died they remained in the house where family members would prepare the body for burial, they body  would remain there until it was taken for burial. During this time normal daily life continued for the other members of the family. However this is now no longer the case as more people are now dying in hospital, this has therefore moved to the medical professions responsibility rather that the families. Funeral directors now remove and prepare the body and arrange all aspects of the funeral arrangements for the deceased’s family. Today’s attitudes to death are very different, Britain’s attitude to death is described by Katz and Siddell (1994) as a ‘death denying society’. Due to people now living longer and epidemics no longer killing thousands because of the ever increasing progress of the public health service death is often seen as a failure of the medical profession to keep someone alive.(open learning pack) A description of the rites and practices of two major religions Christianity – Christian belief is one of resurrection and the eternal life of the deceased person’s soul. A religious service takes place to celebrate that person’s life on earth and the new journey they have taken through death. These services usually include special readings, hymns and prayers only used for funerals. After the service the deceased is either buried or cremated, during this part of the tradition special prayers for the deceased are said. Mourners traditionally wear black clothing on this day and after the burial or cremation they gather together for food and drink. Hinduism – Following the death of an individual the family come together to prepare the body and will perform prayers. Hindus mostly cremate their dead as they believe this releases their spirit. The flames during the cremation are an important symbol as they represent the presence of the holy god Brahma the creator. White is considered the appropriate colour to wear and traditionally they will wear Indian garments. Prayers are said at the entrance to the crematorium, there may also be offerings of flowers and sweetmeats passed around. The chief mourner usually the eldest male represents the family and they will push the button to make the coffin disappear as well as lighting the funeral pyre. After the cremation the family will gather for prayers and food then begin a 13 day mourning  period.(www.ifishoulddie.co.uk) A description of the rites and practices of one new religious movement Jehovah’s Witness – Jehovah’s witness have no special rituals for those who are dying but will usually appreciate a visit from one of the elders of the faith. There are particular beliefs surrounding blood transfusions, Jehovah Witness’s regard blood transfusion as morally wrong and are therefor prohibited. Organ transplants are generally not permitted and they are not likelt to be willing or permitted to donate or receive an organ through which blood flows. They also do not celebrate events such as birthdays and Christmas.(funeralwise)(open learning pack) A description of two non-religious responses to death Humanist Funeral – This type of funeral is for people who are non-religious. The British Human Association formed in 1967. Their principles are not based on religion but on the principles of reason and respect of others. Humanist ceremonies acknowledge loss and celebrate the deceased’s life without any religious rituals. This type of service centres more on the person who has passed away, where the family will choose such things as music, poetry or write a personal tribute that is read out by family or friend. This type of funeral gives more opportunity for personal input from the deceased’s loved ones. The funeral can take place at a cemetery, crematorium and woodland burial ground. Normally a printed copy of the ceremony is given to mourners on arrival at the service, which can be kept as keep sake.(www.ifishoulddie.co.uk) New Age – This is a non religious belief which formed its foundations in Britain in the 1960’s. This was a reaction against what some people thought that Christianity had and Secular Humanism had failed in such as to provide them with guidance both spiritually and ethically. Unlike most formal religions it has no holy texts, central organisation, membership, formal clergy, dogma or creed. It is a network of believers and practitioners who share similar beliefs and practices which they can add to whichever religion  they follow. New age rituals focus on healing the mind,body,spirit or earth using methods such as reiki or rolfing, they believe these techniques help to heal the body ailments and bring spiritual awareness. Influenced by Asian tradition they often hold retreats or workshops with a spiritual teacher or guru. With regards to the New Age response to death for many followers, ecological funerals, commonly known as ‘green burials’, may be their pre ferred choice as a more environmentally friendly form of woodland burials, nature reserve burials or burials at home. (www.patheos.com), (open learning pack) CONCLUSION In conclusion some people associate grief and loss with only death but as can be seen from the beginning of this essay grief and loss are not exclusive to those who have experienced a death. There are many other forms of grief and loss that are equally intense for those experiencing other types of loss such as end of a relationship,rape and infertility to name a few. Although there are some common symptoms in response to loss and grief there is no universal predictable emotional path that every individual follows and the grief process is very personal and unique to every individual.There are many theories with regards to the grief process one of which is Kubler-Ross who believes that no matter what the loss, every individual goes through a certain process in order to deal with the loss .Individuals may feel they are alone when it comes to dealing with their grief but there are a wide range of statutory abd voluntary agencies available to help with the process and any financial issues individuals might face. When I had the opportunity to provide support to a service user who suffered a loss it gave me a closer insight in to how the individual feels and copes when supported in a positive way and the process they had to go through to overcome what happened to them.With regards to death we see that although care settings can have different procedures when dealing with a death the correct legal procedures are the same throughout and must be adhered to. We see that attitudes towards death have also changed, people are no longer accepting all the responsibility for dealing with the death of a loved one , preferring to allow undertakers to organise the arrangements and nowadays there is a mourning period . We also see that religions take different  approaches when it comes to a funeral service Christianity and Hinduisim each have their own tradittions with regards to the service and attire but the service is centered around the persons religion , whereas with a Humanist Funeral focuses on the deceased person and the life that they had. The grief process no matter what the loss is not pleasant it is only by dealing with the grief through help or mourning that we can move on. REFERENCES www.scotland.gov.uk/library5/social/waad-pp.asp www.infertility.about.com www.divorcesupport.about.com www.helpguide.org www.changingminds.org Social care open learning pack www.ifishoulddie.co.uk www.patheos.com www.funeralwise.com www.ageconcern.org.uk www.cancerlink.co.uk www.victimsupport.co.uk www.crusebereavment.org.uk www.ardgowan hospice.org.uk

Artificial Intelligence And The Legal Profession

Artificial Intelligence And The Legal Profession Technologies that may be able to automate typical legal duties, such as performing case research or creating standard contracts, have existed now for quite some time but have not been fully integrated into practice as of yet. However, in roughly the last decade, pressure on lawyers and law firms to reduce fees has increased and this has led to a more favorable attitude toward legal technologies in a push to increase efficiency throughout the profession. Second, pressure to improve access to justice by reducing both financial and structural barriers affecting disadvantaged groups has led to the development of several online or otherwise accessible legal technologies. Third, as the capabilities of computers grow to include higher-level processes, the possibilities for their integration into the legal field grow too. While previous legal technologies threatened to replace mostly clerical work, artificial intelligence may threaten to replace lawyers themselves. To gain a comprehensive un derstanding of this topic, it is necessary to explore the current state of artificial intelligence in the legal profession, how it impacts the demand for lawyer labor, and how the profession’s regulatory structures relate to the trajectory of legal technology. The term â€Å"artificial intelligence† describes how computers can perform tasks that might generally be thought to require some level of human intelligence. These tasks can range from flagging outliers in a set of data to transcribing an audio tape and everything in between. Fundamentally, computers operate based on sets of defined rules. Any task to be performed by computers must be able to be articulated as a set of basic rules to be followed. Deductive rules are those laid out in a step-by-step process that is followed by the computer until the task is completed. An example of this as applied to automated legal work is the use of automated document assembly, such as the creation of a template for a will or other standard legal document. In a matter of seconds, a document assembly application can pull relevant information about a client and use this to create a personalized document. Similarly, a computer could provide a list of cases from a particular court citing a parti cular statute. In addition to such tasks whose processes can be modeled explicitly, some other tasks can be accomplished with the use of data-driven rules. The relationship between a set of input variables and the resulting outputs can be estimated by a process called â€Å"supervised machine learning†, so called because the estimation is bounded by the set of training data. For example, a team of researchers was able to develop a model to predict the behavior of the Supreme Court, based only on data from past decisions. They were able to achieve 70.2% prediction accuracy at the case outcome level and 71.9% prediction accuracy at the justice vote level. While these predictions cannot be expressed based on a combination of deductive rules as in previous examples, with enough input data a relatively consistent pattern can be recognized. Similarly, software for automated document review has been developed and proven successful at determining relevancy of documents based on the i nput of a â€Å"seed set† of documents designated relevant or not. As well as being able to potentially replace or improve the efficiency of routine legal tasks, predictive algorithms like these have possible applications to the legal field as a whole. For example, results of a race-neutral sentencing predictor algorithm could be compared to actual sentences to determine the influence of human bias in such processes. Overall, the success of data-driven algorithms is significant primarily in that it highlights the routineness of some tasks that would otherwise be viewed as more sophisticated and complex. The adoption of technology into the legal workplace will be influenced by the market in addition to the quality and capabilities of available technologies. Historically, the demand for technology in law firms has been low for several reasons. The billable hour system economically encouraged inefficiency, while the typical partnership structure meant the funds for new technologies would come directly out of the pockets of partners, unlike a traditional corporation structure in which the money would come from shareholders. To the first point, in recent years there has been a notable shift in supply of lawyers relative to demand for lawyer labor. This leads to increasing pressure to improve efficiency and reduce cost to clients. Additionally, a rise in the share of legal work performed by a company’s house legal department compared to that performed by outside law firms allows these technologies to be purchased with corporation funds, which is more favorable. In addition to the g rowing demand for legal technologies, the capabilities of such technologies are expanding rapidly as well. The theory of disruptive innovation explains how this will also contribute to the growing prevalence of legal technology. When the only legal tasks that could be automated were clerical and other low-level services, law firms were willing to buy into such software to improve efficiency and better serve their clients. However, developers have since been able to expand their technologies to handle more complex tasks, and firms now are practically required to adopt them as client pressures grow. This phenomenon, in addition to the growing market interest, will lead to rapid adoption of technology into the legal realm. As the use of technology in the legal profession grows, the impact of artificial intelligence on the demand for lawyer labor in some areas has been or will be relatively significant, while in others is unlikely to pose a significant threat. The distinction between tasks that can easily be automated versus those that cannot is in the extent to which their underlying structures can be defined. For example, while document drafting can be successfully automated as discussed above, more complex legal writing characterizing the state of the law or its application to particular factual circumstances presents a much more challenging situation. The conceptual creativity and flexibility demanded by this type of writing cannot be defined by either deductive or data-driven rules. Another example is the distinction between document review during discovery and document review during due diligence. While the former can be automated with the use of explicit rules, the latter requires critical judgme nts that a computer cannot make. A trained lawyer can note, for example, any unexpected information or violations of appropriate rules that a computer would not be able to recognize without being explicitly primed to look for such things. Some advanced applications of artificial intelligence to the legal profession have found ways to extend its reach despite these limitations. For example, IBM’s Debater System is able to analyze documents and other materials annotated first by humans. While this is clearly less efficient than purely automated processes since it requires time put in by an associate, it alleviates some of the major issues with automated lawyering; any glaring contradictions or relevant subtleties can be highlighted before the materials are analyzed by the software. Another way by which artificial intelligence can be employed to perform tasks that a lawyer is qualified to do is through online systems to resolve minor disputes ranging from parking violations to e -commerce complaints. These technologies aid lawyers in negotiating by analyzing overlap between stated preferences of the two parties and can typically reach a mutual solution without the involvement of a lawyer at all. While such systems may thus be able to replace lawyers and even judges entirely, they will likely have little impact on the overall demand for lawyer labor since it would likely not be feasible economically or otherwise to hire an attorney and litigate. In this way, the full automation of legal services comes at no cost to lawyer labor. In fact, a study that categorized legal tasks by the impact of automation on employment found that only around 4% of lawyers’ time was billed to tasks most acutely threatened by artificial intelligence. In summary, while even moderately complex legal tasks have been successfully automated, the legal profession is unlikely to find itself obsolete within a decade as some headlines predict. As new technologies continue to develop and make their way into the practice of law, there emerges a need for a better way to protect the integrity of the legal system while ensuring consumer protection and access to quality services for all members of the population. With regard to consumer protection, computers offer the advantage of eliminating human error and standardizing services in some cases, but certainly not all. For example, online services cannot effectively analyze highly complex scenarios, but instead of returning an error message often return products completed in a way that places the client liable. While consumer protection concerns are not necessarily graver with automated legal services, they deserve at least the same attention afforded to legal services provided by human lawyers. Current professionalism guidelines limit the performance of legal services to those trained and licensed to practice law, and the stated reason for this is â€Å"to protect the public fr om the consequences of receiving legal services from unqualified persons†. These regulations are then enforced through disciplinary sanctions imposed by bar committees. However, these guidelines have several weaknesses when it comes to the regulation of new technologies in the legal field. They fail to specifically outline what tasks require the expertise of a licensed practitioner, which makes them unhelpful in governing what tasks may be left to automated providers. Next, even though computers may not be skilled enough to perform some tasks normally handled by lawyers, they may be competent enough to assist trained professionals, something not addressed by the guidelines. Finally, there has never been a sophisticated investigation into exactly what tasks computers can perform at the same level lawyers can. Although the quality of legal services provided by automated programs may be lower than that provided by a trained and experienced lawyer, the low prices associated with t hese types of services justify their employment in certain instances. For example, someone who needs a simple will written has little need for a full-service lawyer. However, the consequences of trading low quality for low cost are magnified in more complex high-stakes issues like custody disputes or messy divorce negotiations. The â€Å"access to justice† problem discussed briefly above is a key aspect of the legal profession and should not be redefined as â€Å"access to some form of legal services whether quality or not†. While the introduction of low-cost automated services does increase accessibility to low-income persons, the result could be a two-tiered system that does not equally serve justice to the disadvantaged. For these reasons, it is important that the use of technology in the legal profession is regulated in the future to prevent it from being driven forward on the basis of outcome alone. When it comes to the recent discussion surrounding technology in the legal profession, there are two major sides taken. Some argue that incorporating more technology into the field will reduce costs to client with little expense in terms of quality and oppose strict regulations while others argue that there is no equal alternative to the work of a trained professional. This paper has shown the principles of artificial intelligence that govern which tasks can be automated successfully and discussed the impacts of such automation on the legal profession. While the media forecasts an end to the legal profession, in reality only a small portion of legal tasks are affected and the overall effect on the demand for lawyer labor is moderate at best. With that said, current regulations are insufficient at providing a consistent framework to guide the incorporation of artificial intelligence and other emerging technologies into the field, and the careful creation of such regulations will prove necessary as automated legal services develop further.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder - Research Paper Example Obsessive Compulsive Disorder According to the article entitled â€Å"Psychological Disorders,† mental disorders are defined as â€Å"health conditions that are characterized by alterations in thinking, mood, or behavior associated with distress and/or impaired functioning†(Green, 2003). There are a myriad of different psychological disorders including depression disorder, bipolar disorder, personality disorders, schizophrenia, and anxiety disorders (Green, 2003). Anxiety disorders are considered to be the most common form of mental illness within the United States as over 19 million Americans have been diagnosed with one of several anxiety disorders (Green, 2003). Obsessive-compulsive disorder is an anxiety disorder that has complex symptoms and methods of treatment which can severely impact a person’s quality of life. According to the article entitled â€Å"Associations between miscellaneous symptoms and symptom dimensions in adults with obsessive-compulsive d isorders† obsessive compulsive disorder is characterized by â€Å"intrusive and recurrent thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images (obsessions) and repetitive rituals/compulsions that serve to reduce anxiety†(Storch, et al. 2008). ... sociated with this particular disorder include repetitive washing of hands, repetitive counting, and other similar behaviors that are completed to relieve the build-up of anxiety. However, although there are some uniform symptoms, there are miscellaneous symptoms that differ from person to person; therefore, it is important to note that the disorder can present itself differently from individual to individual. Overall, there is specific criteria that must be met in order to be diagnosed with OCD. Within the article entitled â€Å"The Phenomenology of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder,† OCD is diagnosed by the elements listed within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(Spitzer and Dieter, 1997). One of the most important factors is that the obsessive behaviors or thoughts cannot be a result of a â€Å"substance, drug, or general medical condition(Spitzer and Dieter, 1997). Primarily, within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the two mai n aspects that make up OCD include obsessions and compulsions. In order to be considered a full blown disorder, the obsessions and compulsions cannot be simply everyday worries, but must be consistent with irrational beliefs and thoughts (Spitzer and Dieter, 1997). The disorder must have also reached the point where it is interfering with the person’s daily life and the general quality of their life (Spitzer and Dieter, 1997). According to an article entitled â€Å"Symptoms clusters in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): influence of age and age of onset,† a study was conducted by researching the charts of OCD patients where it was determined that there was no pattern that could be detected in terms of gender as it pertained to the development of this particular disorder(Butwicka and Gmitrowicz,

Moore's Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Moore's Law - Essay Example The law started as just as an article in a journal has not only become a guiding principle in the semiconductor electronics industry but it has also helped in analyzing the technology trajectories in general. In fact Moore’s law means better technologies and more Performance in the field of electronics and IT. Rapid pace of advancements in electronics and IT industry from big vacuum valves to ICs, and from ENIAC to laptops and palmtops made it sure that the processing power, measured in Millions of Instructions per Second (MIPS)2, kept steadily rising because of increased transistor counts. Had there been only the advancements in technologies without a matching invitation for the customers to use the technology, Moore’s law would not been such a big success. This law also ensured that costs too went down. This helped in integrating the powerful technique more seamlessly into our daily lives. Moore’s law is in fact not a ‘law’ in actual terms, as its proponent himself kept revising it from time to time. But it was indeed a well thought out business foresightedness on the part of an able entrepreneur. The law itself may have undergone changes couple of times, but one constant throughout the varying formulation of Moore’s law is that all formulations observe that the number of transistors per chip, also known as complexity, has been growing rapidly3. This provides an indication of the applicability of Moore’s law. Even after providing for the tolerance for manufacturing variances, inefficiencies in wires, noise margins, etc. the semiconductor technology has indeed delivered on the expected lines. Intel has been one of the pioneers in proving the applicability of this law. Company’s commitment to Moores Law has in fact delivered exponential increases in the number of transistors integrated into our processors and other leading platform ingredients’4. It is depicted in the graph below. The rapid

The Role of Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Role of Government - Essay Example mited by the government, Democracy a government where power is held by the people, Dictatorship a government where the ruler holds all the power, Monarchy where power is inherited and passed on to the ruler’s heir and many more there are governments within the world that adopted hybrid systems of government that are a combination of a number of types of governments, examples are modern Iran whose hybrid government is a combination of theocratic institutions and democracy and the Netherlands whose government is a combination of democracy and monarchy (Adler, 1996). A government’s fundamental role is to maintain basic security and social order within its framework. In the words of the philosopher Thomas Hobbes people tend to prefer submission to a government dominated by a sovereign rather than a system where there is no government, a system also known as anarchy therefore people in a community will submit to a government to create for themselves a system security and social order. We can see that states or nations whose populations live under a state of anarchy there is a distinct condition of turmoil and confusion amongst them since each and every one of them has to fend for themselves and there is no provision of basic social amenities by a defined body hence it is important to have a central governing body be it political, religious or hierarchical and which is charged through its machinery to uphold the rule of law and ensure that every member of society under its governance is able to access the basic social amenities that is education, affordable health care and a shelter to live in (Schulze, 1994). It’s the role of the government to protect its citizens from its neighbors or potential non neighbors from any threat that they may pose from outside the countrys borders. This necessitates the need of a military through which defense can be enhanced. In the medieval times families relied on strong family members to protect them, their crops in the

Ammonia Stripping vs Ion Exchange Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ammonia Stripping vs Ion Exchange - Essay Example It is recovered as a gas by raising pH of water with alkaline addition such as caustic or lime (EPA 1). The procedure is enhanced by increasing the operating temperature of tower (Henze and van Loosdrecht 140). Two types of towers are used in ammonia stripping i.e. cross flow and counter current. A cross flow tower permits the solvent gas (air) into total depth of fill and flows through the packing as the alkaline waste water flows downward. On the other hand, in a counter current tower, air enters through openings at the bottom as waste water is propelled to the top of packed tower. Free NH3 is converted into air stream from falling water and discharged into atmosphere (EPA 1) Advantages and disadvantages of ammonia stripping: It is a simple mechanical process which is not affected by waste water fluctuations and is not disrupted by presence of toxic substances given the air temperature and pH remains stable. It creates no back wash or regenerations. On the other hand, ammonia strip ping has several disadvantages which include higher maintenance costs and power requirement for pumping. It does not remove nitrite or organic nitrogen. Air pollution problems may occur due to NH3 reaction and high pH may corrode the wood of stripping tower (EPA 2).

3.How do you believe business and economic functions should interact Essay

3.How do you believe business and economic functions should interact with society - Essay Example The government though does has a large role to play in assisting the businesses in fundamentals like acquisitions and profits, by assist what is meant here is that the government through its power to make rules and regulations defines how business would be conducted and that is a major role that the government has to perform. In situations quite contrary to the one mentioned before, the role of the government might be more than just being an administrative supervisor, the government can take upon it self to run the whole economy, it could nationalize all major industries and say that we know what is best for us and we will produce what we like, such is the nature of managed economies. We can now see that there is a close connection between the government and the running of the economy but there is a missing link in this chain i.e. the consumer. The consumer is perhaps one of the most important links in this chain because a consumer defines what is to be sold and what not in the marke t economy. The consumers through their purchasing power have the ability to dictate terms to the government, which in effect shape the rules and the regulations that are implemented within the society. Each and every entity has its own role to play in the society but it can never exist in complete solitude because of the high inter dependence on each other. The discussion and the argument on the three points raised will follow but an important point here is that even these three points will have some points interlinked with them and hence a detailed explanation for these intertwined terms should not be expected. In a free market society the governments role is the bare minimal, the consumer and the producers of the product decide what is going to be made, how it is going to be made and for whom it is going to be made. Through the forces of demand and supply the prices of the products are

Assessments for the English Language Learner Research Paper - 1

Assessments for the English Language Learner - Research Paper Example This will facilitate his or her understanding and acceptance of other cultures. The teacher should be able to understand the students’ culture and assist them in learning and accepting other cultures (Brantley, 2007). This will make their learning environments be more conducive and acceptable. The students should be able to understand and accept the other students’ culture, as this will enable them to learn more from them. The students should be able to cooperate with one another in solving problems and learn from their interactions with their environments. The students should also have competence in their grammatical, sociolinguistic, discoursing and strategizing abilities (Lenski & Verbruggen, 2010). The types of initial assessments that I will use as a teacher to determine my students strengths and weaknesses will include assessment tests for testing their achievements, aptitude tests, affective and performance assessments along with cultural fair assessment tests (B rantley, 2007). The purpose of administering achievement tests will be to determine what each of the student has learnt to do. The aptitude tests will be vital in deriving the students’ ability of performing specific tasks that they have learnt in the future. On the other hand, affective tests will be used to determine a student’s motivation, values, beliefs and his notions concerning the learning process (Colombo & Colombo, 2011). Finally, the use of performance assessment tests will be important in assessing if students can relate what they have studied class to real life situations. Examples of performance assessments could be the act of performing recited plays and musical pieces to a set of adjudicators. In order for the teacher to meet his or her initial instructional needs, they will need to employ various types of instructional strategies. They will use approaches such as the direct experience, language experience, the use of multimedia lessons and cooperation in-group activities (Brantley, 2007). The teachers will also be required to employ several teaching strategies that range from reciprocal, choral, shared along with assisted reading methodologies (Colombo & Colombo, 2011). These types of teaching methods will greatly assist the teacher in ascertaining the strengths and weaknesses of his or her students. The application of different but applicable strategies will be vital for a teacher who wishes to see his students succeed. The teacher can apply the instructional strategies of using a dialogue journal, predictions, circles of literature and workshops to increase the aspects of constructive reading among his or her students (Brantley, 2007). For the purpose of augmenting the students ability to think while reading, the teacher will adopt strategies that range from, question and answer sessions, directing the reading and thinking activities. They will also offer guidance to students who are reading when they are at the instructions le vel. He or she should also adopt the strategies of thinking while listening and the activity of retelling oral instructions to the students (Lenski & Verbruggen, 2010). In order to shape my instructions, the types of ongoing assessments that I will adopt will include achievement, aptitude, performance and affective assessments. These tests will be vital in ensuring that the teacher monitors the understanding of various concepts he has taught on a

Self-Appraisal Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Self-Appraisal Report - Assignment Example ve I previously submitted this or a version of it for assessment in any other Unit of Study at the University or any other institution without having obtained the approval of the teacher. So that the assessor can properly assess my work, I give this person permission to act according to University policy and practice to reproduce this work and provide a copy to another member of staff for the purpose of cross checking and moderation and to take steps to authenticate the assessment, including submitting a copy to a checking/detection system that in turn may retain a copy of this work on a database for future checking. I certify that the statements I have attested to above have been made in good faith and are true and correct. I also certify that this is my work and that I have not plagiarized the work of others and not participated in collusion. This report provides a comprehensive evaluation of my growth with regard to technical, personal and professional skills in the course of my internship or co-operative education experience. The report is divided into three principal categories including an introduction segment, self-appraisal section, and finally, the conclusion and recommendations part. The introduction highlights the overall importance of co-operative education experience and the principal components of the report. The appraisal segment analyses the skills and experience I developed through my work-integrated experience, while integrating viable academic resources regarding the subject. The conclusion part summarises findings, indicating that the cooperative education experience can be improved through specificity and proper delineation of internship learning objectives. Learning in the realm of academia does not only entail comprehension of theoretical concepts, but also practical lessons. The latter are best attained through experiential learning, in school in the course of practical sessions, and during industrial attachment or internships. In

Why Race, Class, and Gender Still Matter Essay Example for Free

Why Race, Class, and Gender Still Matter Essay The critical issues mentioned in â€Å"Why Race Class and Gender Still Matter† are how inequalities are going to be spoken about in the book â€Å"Race Class and Gender† and about how race, class, and gender still effect society today. Another critical topic in this chapter is Hurricane Katrina and how that brought the poverty level and status of minorities in the country to light. Lastly, this chapter explains how the author expects the reader to look at race, class, and gender as they read the rest of the book and to look at the experiences of every group from that particular perspective. This book was intended for under-graduate and graduate sociology or political science students. The purpose of chapter one was to explain the point of the book. It was an expository introduction that told why race, class, and gender needs to be examined and studied. According to this book race, class, and gender â€Å"shape the experiences of all people in the United States.† There are ways in which different groups can be both privileged in one way while disadvantaged in another. Americans have started describing these different groups using the term diversity. Diversity awareness has started initiatives to prove diversity is pleasing and important, and that it should be celebrated. One more important topic discussed in this chapter is the directions to study exploitations and exclusions of some groups along with the inclusion of others. The thesis of â€Å"Why Race Class and Gender Still Matter† is that developing knowledge of how the progressively universal center of society effects the configuration of race, class, and gender interactions will inspire inclusive outlooks in the United States. The author’s language ability is voice-intimidating. The author uses very advanced language. Specific words I found difficult to understand were matrix, salient, domination, and framework. The author provides evidence when talking about Hurricane Katrina and the damage that hurricane did. However, most statements are not backed up with evidence of studies or statistics. The author employs the logic of problematic. I found this reading to open my mind up for what is to come in the future weeks of this class. Since it was only the opening chapter I did not find anything to be implicit or explicit. My biggest question is what is meant by a matrix of domination? This chapter says â€Å"we use the approach of a matrix of domination to analyze race, class, and gender.† I realize that it refers to levels in the social structure of the U.S. but how are these levels defined and what makes one disadvantage worse than another?

To See and Not See Essay Example for Free

To See and Not See Essay Have you ever been blind and then regained your sight even for a little while? Here’s another interesting question. If you have been blind and regained your sight for just a little while then, how would you think and how would you feel? It is imaginable that you might experience happiness and excitement at being able to see a world that had been hidden from you for so long; then, after a bit you might experience anger and frustration because of the difficulty adjusting to life as a sighted person. Therefore, it should come as no surprise that these and many other emotions were felt by Virgil, Amy, and his family when he regained his sight after being blind for most of his life. However, despite an operation to regain his sight Virgil loses his sight again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Both the book To See and Not See by Oliver Sacks and the dramatic movie called Love at First Sight starring Val Kilmer as Virgil and Mira Sorvino as Amy tell Virgil’s remarkable story as his travels from darkness to light back to darkness again. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the story and the movie. In addition, I will provide some personal reflection concerning how I would function in everyday life if I were blind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The movie called At First Sight and the story To See and Not See has many differences. Some differences between the story and the movie are important to how the reader/viewer makes note of the key differences and some differences between the story and the movie aren’t important to how the reader/viewer look at the differences between the two mediums. There are many case studies of other blind people who have regained their sight for a while just like Virgil’s case. In fact, the story illustrated these other case studies such as a patient who went by the initials H.S. in order to compare and track Virgil progress and regression after the operation (Sacks, 1994, 10). The movie didn’t talk about other people who had been blind almost the entire lives and then regained their sight for a short time. This difference isn’t important to the evaluation of the two mediums.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In contrast, there is a difference between the story and the movie that does make an important difference in looking at the key points between the two genres. In the story Virgil and Amy had met and dated many years before they met again and ultimately married and in the movie Amy and Virgil had never met before they met at the spa. In addition, Amy in the movie had never been married and Amy in the story had been married before when she met Virgil. This is an important difference because some people when they have gone through life changing events such as moving and divorce would contact someone they liked and felt comfortable around. Therefore, it makes perfect sense that Amy would contact Virgil who she had dated before and felt comfortable with him. Also, the fact that in the story Amy and Virgil got married and in the movie Amy and Virgil are just dating make a huge difference because married people might stay together in times of crisis and a dating couple may decide that being together in times of crisis isn’t worth it and they may break up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also, I think that the fact that Amy has health problems in the story and she doesn’t have health problems in the movie provides her with different motivations for Virgil having the operation to restore his vision. In the movie At First Sight, Amy motivation for Virgil having the operation may be grounded in the fact that they are involved in a new love relationship. Also, she could wish Virgil to have the eye surgery because she is a perfectionist and if he has the operation to restore he will be perfect in her eyes (At First Sight, 1999). In the movie it seems as if Amy equates having the operation with having the â€Å"perfect† life with Virgil. In contrast, Amy in the story has health problems herself such as diabetes and asthma. In fact, Amy had to quit her job as a botanist due to her asthma (Sacks, 1994, 5). In the story, it seems as if Amy’s motivation for Virgil having the operation involves trying to help Virgil get better using the doctors that Amy uses to help her with her eye check ups due to diabetes (Sacks, 1994, 5). Due to the different motivations that prevail for Virgil having the operation the viewer of the movie might see Amy as selfish whereas the reader might feel for Amy and root for her and Virgil because of their health problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I think that it is hard to give a concrete answer to the question whether operations to restore sight should be performed. It seems as if both in the movie and in the story Virgil had more problems when he could see than when he was blind. In the story when Virgil was blind he enjoyed life more because he loved going to the zoo to touch the gorillas and the giraffes. He also loved listening to baseball games when he was blind. However, when he could see and he went to the zoo he wasn’t allowed to touch any of the animals. Therefore he didn’t enjoy the zoo. Also, he lost his job due to complications from the operation (Sacks, 1994, 15, 20). Therefore, it seems that Virgil had freedom and independence when he was blind and he acted like a scared little child when he could see a bit. In fact, in the movie Virgil screams when he hears loud horns and sees bright colored cars coming at him (At First Sight, 1999). Therefore, based on these two examples it would seem that there needs to be more discussion and thought before allowing operations that restore sight. I think that people who have had their sight restored should have the option to have a Seeing Eye dog until they adjust to the world as a sighted person.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If I were blind then, I would have to have to have much help in learning to adjust to not being able to see. I am an avid reader and I love to cook and bake. Therefore, it would be hard getting used to reading with my hands and learning a different way of cooking and baking. I would be frustrated if I regained my sight and then lost it again I feel for Virgil in both the story and as I watched the movie. However, I felt more sympathy for Amy in the story rather than Amy in the movie. I think the moral of both the story and the movie is sight doesn’t always give you the freedom or perfection that you seek.

Authentication Mechanism for Fast Handover PMIPv6 Networks

Authentication Mechanism for Fast Handover PMIPv6 Networks N.S.Nandhinee S.Kayalvizhi Abstract—The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) proposed a host-based mobility management protocol, called Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) protocol for mobile nodes (MNs) to maintain continuous service when they move among different foreign networks. However, Mobile IPv6 does not provide good service for real-time applications because it causes longer disruptions when the handoff takes place. Recently, the IETF NETLMM working group developed a network-based localized mobility management protocol called Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) to reduce the handoff latency of MIPv6. PMIPv6 still suffers from packet loss problem and signaling overhead. This paper performs a Bicasting scheme to reduce packet loss, use the piggyback technique to reduce the signaling overhead, also provides Authentication mechanism for protecting valid user from attacks in PMIPv6 networks. Keywords—Authentication, bicasting, handover, piggyback, Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) 1. Introduction As wireless technologies have grown, all the people want to use wireless networks while moving from one place to another. At the same time Mobile MIPv6 was developed by the internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to support the Mobile Node. Even after introducing the Mobile IPv6 Mobile Nodes (MNs) did not receive any data packets when it performs the handover that involves , IP address configuration, movement detection and location update latencies. To reduce the handover latency, Fast Handover has been developed. Fast handover performs the movement detection and IP address whenever the Mobile Nodes move from one location to another. Therefore Fast handover protocol reduces the handover latency. However , MIPv6 cannot satisfy all the requirements of real time applications such as video streaming service and voice over internet protocol (VoIP) service due to its high handover latency. To address this problem, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) NETLMM working group developed a network based localized mobility management protocol called Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) to reduce the handoff latency of MIPv6.Moreover, PMIPv6 provides the IP with the mobility to support MNs without requiring its participation in any mobility-related signaling. Although PMIPv6 reduces lots of handoff latency compared with MIPv6, it still suffers from packet loss, signaling overhead and inefficient authentication procedure problems during handoff. This is because PMIPv6 does not use any buffer mechanism during the handoff procedure and performs the authentication and registration phases separately. Therefore this paper used a bicasting scheme for packet loss and piggybacking technique for signaling overhead. 2. Related works 2.1. survey on fast handover Chaung and Lee [2] proposed handoff schemes for PMIPv6 networks perform the authentication and registration phases separately, resulting in longer handoff latency. A. Pre-Handoff procedure The movements of an MN is detected using the MAG and it performs mobility-related signaling with the LMA in place of the MN. The pre-handoff phase starts only when the MN is going to leave the range of the serving MAG (i.e., MAG1). First, MAG1 sends a handoff initial (HI) message to the target MAG(i.e., MN-ID) and the address of the target MAG. Then , MAG2 sends back a handoff acknowledgement (HACK) message to MAG1, and then a bi-directional tunnel is built between MAG1 and MAG2. After the bi-directional tunnel is built , the buffer of MAG2 prepares to buffer. B. Fast Handoff procedure When the MN moves out of the transmission range of the MAG1, the MAG1 immediately starts sending the MN’S packets to MAG2 at the same time it buffers the packets to prevent from packet loss. After that MAG2 can start the authentication phase immediately. Now, MAG2 sends the AAA request which includes the profile of Mobile Node (i.e., MN-ID) to authenticate the MN and simultaneously sends the PBU message which piggybacks DeReg PBU message to refresh the binding cache entry of LMA. That is , the target MAG (i.e., MAG2) performs the registration phase on behalf of the Deregistration phase of previous MAG (i.e., MAG1).MAG1 stops the service and MAG2 takes the position of MAG2. Moreover, the authentication and registration phases are simultaneously performed so the executing time of these phases are overlapped. On receipt of the PBU message, the LMA sends a PBA message, which includes the HNP of the MN, deletes the old binding cache entry, establishes a new binding cache entry, and sets up a bi-directional tunnel between the LMA and new MAG (i.e., MAG2). Afterward through the new path the LMA transmits the packet to MAG2 and MAG2 buffers these packets for the MN. At the same time, the AAA server starts to authenticate. The MN sends the AAA response to MAG2. MAG2 also immediately sends an RA message to the MN when it detects the MN’s attachment. After receiving the RA message, the MN checks the RA message for finding where the MN locates in. The MN retains the original address if the MN moves in the same LMD. Otherwise, the MN configures the global IPv6 address on its interface from the HNP. Finally, the MN downloads the buffered packets from MAG2. Kim et al [4] The ERP exchange is not necessarily a full EAP method between the EAP peer and the EAP authenticator. It uses MSK sent from EAP server. In this paper, the EAP peer is the MN, the EAP authenticator is a Access Pointer (AP), EAP server is a AAA server and the LMA includes the AAA server. A. EAP authentication in PMIPv6 The MN sends the EAP-Request/Identity to previous AP (p-AP) and receives EAP Response/Identity from the EAP authentication. After the AP performs the EAP method exchange using AAA protocol, it performs the EAP method exchange with the MN. In the case of successful authentication, a MSK is sent by the AAA server to the AP. TSK is made using the MSK after when the MSK is received. TSK is shared with the MN and the TSK is used for per-packet access enforcement by the MN. B. Fast Handover scheme with ERP exchange in PMIPv6 In Proxy MIPv6, whenever the MN moves from its attachment AP to a new attachment AP within the Access Router, it delivers the MSK and performs the re-authentication process. However, the MN performs the Full EAP Method when the MN moves from one attachment MAG network to another new MAG network. In Fast Handover of PMIPv6, the MN performs the Full EAP Method. During Fast Handover period the full EAP method is delayed. The ERP Exchange scheme is used in Fast Handover of PMIPv6 to reduce the full EAP delay. In PMIPv6, Fast Handover schemes are under the propounded phase. Therefore we select the best Scheme of the Fast Handover schemes after the MN performs the Full EAP Method, MSK is received from EAP server and uses the MSK. When the movement of the MN is detected by p-AP, it sends a HO initiate message which includes the MN Identifier (MN ID), new-AP ID and the MSK to the p-MAG. The p-MAG sends a Fast PBU message to the LMA which also receives the HO initiate message. Note that the F ast PBU message includes the information of the HO initiate message. Once the LMA sends back the Fast PBA to the p-MAG it establishes a binding between the HNP which is assigned to the MN and its new PCoA. A Reverse PBU message is sent to the n-MAG by the LMA. The Reverse PBU message consists of the MN ID, HNP of the MN used in the p-MAG, n-AP ID, and the MSK sent from the EAP server. The RA message consists of the HNP, and the MSK which is sent by the n-MAG. MN does not perform a new EAP Method and AAA (EAP Method) scheme when it performs fast handover. Therefore the MSK used in the n-MAG network can also be used in the p-MAG network and the MN is not necessary to complete EAP Method and AAA (EAP Method) between the AAA server and AP. Ryu et al [6] PFMIPv6 to reduce the handover latency occurred in PMIPv6 . PFMIPv6 has two mode: one is the predictive mode and the other is the reactive mode. The solution for handover is described in the following steps : First: The MN reports the identifications of its own (MN ID) and the access point (New AP ID) to which the Mobile Node is most likely to move and also detects that a handover is immediate. The NMAG receives the HI from PMAG which is sent by it. The HI message must include the MN ID and should include the MN-HNP, the MN-ID and the address of the LMA that is currently serving the MN Second: A bi-directional tunnel is built between the PMAG and NMAG and the packets decided for the MN are forwarded from the PMAG to the NMAG over this tunnel. The packets may be buffered at the NMAG after the decapsulation process. If the connection between the N-AN and NMAG has already been established, then those packets may be forwarded towards the N-AN. Third: The MN establishes a connection (e.g., radio channel) with the N-AN, which in turn initiates the establishment of the connection between the N-AN and NMAG if it has not been established already. The NMAG starts to forward packets destined for the MN via the N-AN. The uplink packets from the MN are sent to the NMAG and the NMAG forwards them to the PMAG. The PMAG then sends the packets to the LMA that is currently serving the MN. Final: The NMAG sends the PBU message to the LMA, in which address is provided in HI message from the PMAG to NMAG. Ryu et al [5] Mobile IPv6 needs client functionality in the IPv6 stack of a mobile node (MN). Exchange of signaling messages between the MN and a home agent (HA) enables the creation and maintenance of binding between the MN’s home address and its care-of address. Mobility as specified in Mobile IPv6 requires the IP host to send IP mobility management signaling messages to the HA, which is located in the network. MIPv6 is a approach of host-based mobility to solve the IP mobility challenge. However, it takes a very long time to process handover and there is much packet loss during handover, since there are many signaling messages through wireless link which occurs longer delay during handover process. Network-based mobility is another approach to solve the IP mobility challenge. By extending Mobile IPv6 signaling messages and reusing the HA it is possible to support mobility for IPv6 nodes without host involvement. This approach to support mobility does not require the Mobile Node to be involved in the exchange of signaling messages between itself and the Home Agent (HA). A Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) does the mobility management on behalf of the MN attached to the network and also performs the signaling with the HA . This protocol is known as Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) in Network-based Localized Mobility Management (NETLMM) working group of Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Since the proxy mobility agent on behalf of the Mobile Node performs handover process,PMIPv6 can reduce handover latency. That is, there are some signaling message via wireless link. Heavy packet loss occurs during handover in PMIPv6, although PMIPv6 reduces handover latency.This paper propose a Packet- Lossless PMIPv6 (PL-PMIPv6) with authentication to reduce the packet loss problem in PMIPv6. The similar kind of scheme was studied to reduce packet loss and handover latency in Mobile IPv6, such as fast handovers for MIPv6 (FMIPv6) . In PL-PMIPv6, a previous MAG (pMAG) register s to a Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) on behalf of a new MAG (nMAG) during layer 2 handoff. Then, during handover after registration nMAG buffers. Compared to MIPv6 and PMIPv6, PL-MIPv6 can reduce more packet loss. To receive the MN’s profile securely we use Also, we use Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) infrastructure to authenticate the MN and to receive MN’s profiles securely. We show the performance of PL-PMIPv6 through the comparison of packet loss during handover of MIPv6, PMIPv6 and PLPMIPv6. Authentication with Packet-Lossless PMIPv6 (PL-PMIPv6), to reduce packet loss in PMIPv6. The order of signaling flow in PMIPv6 is followed by PL-PMIPv6 and reduces packet loss. Once the pMAG is aware of the MN’s detachment, it sends the DeReg PBU message to the LMA in PMIPv6. When pMAG sends the DeReg PBU message, nMAG’s PBU message is included in DeReg PBU message in PL-PMIPv6. That is, the pMAG registers on behalf of the nMAG in advance to reduce handover latency. As a result, the tunnel between the nMAG and the LMA is built in advance. Also, the nMAG begins to buffer packets to the MN after it receives the PBA message. After layer 2 handoff, the MN sends the RS message and receives the RA message including the MN’s home network prefix. 3. APPLICATIONS 1) Selective IP Traffic Offload Support with Proxy Mobile IPv6 2) Network-based Mobility Management in a local domain (Single Access Technology Domain) 3) Inter-technology handoffs across access technology domains (Ex: LTE to WLAN, eHRPD to LTE, WiMAX to LTE) 4) Access Aggregation replacing L2TP, Static GRE, CAPWAP based architectures, for 3G/4G integration and mobility 4. ABBREVIATIONS 5. CONCLUSION Fast handovers are transferring of ongoing calls from one channel to another without interruption. Here , Fast Handover analysis reduces the latency in sending the packets from one node to another. In this paper techniques like piggybacking is used to reduce the signaling overhead , bicasting scheme reduces the packet loss by storing all the packets in a buffer and whenever the packet is lost ,the packets are retransmitted from the buffer. Previous papers used only ID for authentication process, this paper used a password authentication mechanism. The result analysis showed that these schemes provide a better solution than existing schemes. 6. REFERENCES Chowdhury K., Koodli R and Yokota H., (2010) ‘Fast Handovers for Proxy Mobile IPv6’, IETF Draft, draft-yokota-mipshop-pfmipv6-13 (work in progress). Chuang M.-C. and Lee J.-F., (2011) ‘FH-PMIPv6: A fast handoff scheme in proxy mobile IPv6 networks’, in Proc. IEEE CECNET, pp. 1297–1300. Chuang M.-C. and Lee J.-F, (2011) ‘A lightweight mutual authentication mechanism for network mobility in IEEE 802.16e wireless networks’, Comput. Netw., vol. 55, no. 16, pp. 3796–3809. Chung T.-M., Kim S.-D., and Lee J.-H., (2009) ‘Secure fast handover scheme of proxy mobile IPv6’, in Proc. IEEE Int. Joint Conf. INC IMS IDC NCM, pp. 555–558. Kim B., Kim G-Y, Mun Y. and Ryu s., (2008) ‘A scheme to reduce packet loss during PMIPv6 handover considering authentication’, in Proc. IEEE Int.Conf. Comput. Sci. Its Applicat., pp. 47-51. Kim M., Mun Y. and Ryu S., (2009) ‘Enhanced fast handovers for proxy mobile IPv6’ , in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Sci. Its Applicat. (ICCSA), pp.39-43. Zhang H. and Zhou H., (2008) ‘An authentication protocol for Proxy Mobile IPv6’ ,in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Mobile Ad-Hoc Sensor Network, pp. 129-136.

Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness :: Essays Papers

Heart of Darkness â€Å"A Worn Path† is a story of an old woman’s enduring courage, and strength, despite scores of obstacles. It begins on a â€Å"bright frozen day in the early morning.† Phoenix Jackson is making a strenuous journey across a wintry countryside to acquire medicine for her grandson who is chronically ill. She was â€Å"very old and small and/she carried a thin small cane made from an umbrella.† This clearly shows the reader that she is not suited for this arduous excursion. However, she has made the same trip a countless amount of times. The author uses Phoenix’s story to represent a journey of life. Her unwillingness to immediately reveal the purpose of the journey allows the reader to interpret this as a general journey without a specific purpose, just as life is often referred to as a journey whose reason is unknown. The obstacles she runs across in her travels represent the problems that one might have to face in life. Welty wants the reader to focus on Phoenix, her journey, and the obstacles that get in her way; because it is through the story of this journey that the author coveys her message, showing Phoenix’s sheer will and determination to endure, no matter what hardship presents itself to her. Throughout the entirety of the story, the author uses the third person limited omniscient point of view. This serves to give the other characters in the story less dimension, and thus, less importance, so that Phoenix is the only character that is fully developed. With this point of view, her physical characteristics are described, in depth, in the beginning of the story through the narrator. Sensuous imagery is used to put a brilliant picture of Phoenix in the mind of the reader. â€Å"Her eyes were blue with age. Her skin had a pattern all its own of numberless branching wrinkles.† This passage is exemplary of Welty’s exceptional ability to captivate one’s interest through use of diction. The characteristics of her personality are also depicted mainly through the reader’s experience of her actions, words, thoughts, and interactions with the other characters. This is the main reason that the other characters are a necessity. The hunter tries to persuade Phoenix to go home. He represents those in life who try to stand in the way and discourage people from fulfilling their goals. Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness :: Essays Papers Heart of Darkness â€Å"A Worn Path† is a story of an old woman’s enduring courage, and strength, despite scores of obstacles. It begins on a â€Å"bright frozen day in the early morning.† Phoenix Jackson is making a strenuous journey across a wintry countryside to acquire medicine for her grandson who is chronically ill. She was â€Å"very old and small and/she carried a thin small cane made from an umbrella.† This clearly shows the reader that she is not suited for this arduous excursion. However, she has made the same trip a countless amount of times. The author uses Phoenix’s story to represent a journey of life. Her unwillingness to immediately reveal the purpose of the journey allows the reader to interpret this as a general journey without a specific purpose, just as life is often referred to as a journey whose reason is unknown. The obstacles she runs across in her travels represent the problems that one might have to face in life. Welty wants the reader to focus on Phoenix, her journey, and the obstacles that get in her way; because it is through the story of this journey that the author coveys her message, showing Phoenix’s sheer will and determination to endure, no matter what hardship presents itself to her. Throughout the entirety of the story, the author uses the third person limited omniscient point of view. This serves to give the other characters in the story less dimension, and thus, less importance, so that Phoenix is the only character that is fully developed. With this point of view, her physical characteristics are described, in depth, in the beginning of the story through the narrator. Sensuous imagery is used to put a brilliant picture of Phoenix in the mind of the reader. â€Å"Her eyes were blue with age. Her skin had a pattern all its own of numberless branching wrinkles.† This passage is exemplary of Welty’s exceptional ability to captivate one’s interest through use of diction. The characteristics of her personality are also depicted mainly through the reader’s experience of her actions, words, thoughts, and interactions with the other characters. This is the main reason that the other characters are a necessity. The hunter tries to persuade Phoenix to go home. He represents those in life who try to stand in the way and discourage people from fulfilling their goals.

Frankenstein :: essays research papers

â€Å"How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe, or delineate the wretch whom with such infinite pains and care I had endeavoured to form?† (Shelley, 42) In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein, who has spent two long years laboring in Ingolstadt to create this scientific marvel known only as â€Å"the monster,† wrongly assumes that his creation is pure evil. Frankenstein reaches this conclusion without even allowing the monster to demonstrate his kind heart. Eventually, the monster goes on a mass killing spree because of Victor’s detrimental psychological neglect. Victor’s neglect is caused by his hatred of anyone who is unlike himself. Victor also disregards the monster’s right to a true name, only referring to him using despicable names, such as â€Å"wretch,† â€Å"thing,† and â€Å"catastrophe.† Thus, the monster’s humane qualities, including compassion, loyalty, and intelligence contrast to the wretched traits of his creator, making the horrible references much more suitable for Victor. Unlike Victor, the monster shows great compassion despite his appalling appearance. For instance, he demonstrates his love for others during his time spent observing Felix and Agatha while in the village. He wishes â€Å"to return to the cottagers, whose story excited in [him] such various feelings of indignation, delight, and wonder, but which all terminated in additional love and reverence for [his] protectors†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (106) Even though the monster had never actually met the De Lacey family, his ability to feel compassion is proven through his love of them only for their wonderful hearts and kind actions. In doing this, he shows more love for a family of strangers than Victor could ever have for his own family. He also demonstrates unconditional love for these â€Å"protectors† by not killing Felix during their fight. On the contrary, Victor shows a lack of compassion for his creation after the monster requested a female companion. In response to the monster’s patient, rational inquiry, Victor exclaims, â€Å"Shall I create another like yourself, whose joint wickedness might desolate the world. Begone!† (130) In this senseless refusal of a sincere request, Victor proves once and for all that his true feelings for the monster are those of unjustified hatred and scorn. He has no basis for these feelings other than that of his undying prejudice against the monster. As a result of the opposing emotions illustrated by maker and creation, both are in constant conflict with each other and therefore can never live in harmony.

Effective Use of Revision in Strange Meeting Essay -- Owen Strange Mee

Effective Use of Revision in Strange Meeting  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      In writing his poem Strange Meeting, Wilfred Owen uses revision as a tool to both clarify his ideas and re-evaluate one of the central figures in the poem. By examining a reproduction of Owen’s original text and comparing it to the final, published copy, we are able to retrace his steps and, hopefully, gain a further understanding of his thought process and motivations concerning this particular poem. From these examinations, it is evident that Owen spent a large portion of the revision process attempting to alter the character of the â€Å"encumbered sleeper†, whom the narrator encounters in hell. These alterations could be viewed as an attempt by Owen to make this â€Å"vision† more ambiguous, vague, and otherworldly, and therefore to alter his readers’ perception of this character, the narrator, and the poem itself.      Ã‚  Ã‚   The sheer frequency of revisions concerning the appearance and characteristics of the ghostly figure are staggering when compared to number of revisions made elsewhere in the poem. Perhaps the first thing one notices while examining Owen’s revisions is the long stretch during the figure’s speech in which there are very few marks of revision by the author. In contrast, the sections in which the figure is described, or in which he describes himself, are heavily revised. It appears, then, Owen’s primary difficulty with the first draft of his poem was not with the content of what the ghostly speaker said, but with how the character was portrayed.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Owen pays strict attention during revision to every mention of this ghostly figure. There are at least six changes made to the text concerning the figure’s description, including two changes dedicated sol... ...hat absurd; how can enemies be friends, and why should they fight and kill one another?      Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to bring about these changes in perception, Wilfred Owen focused the majority of his revisions on the character of the ghostly figure found in hell. By making this figure seem more abstract, vague, and otherworldly, Owen alters the significance of his poem and its statements and assumptions about war and battle from draft to draft. By making use of a few seemingly inconsequential revisions, he is able to use the re-evaluation of one character to affect the readers’ perceptions of both the other main character in the poem, and the poem as a whole. Works Cited: Owen, Wilfred. â€Å"Strange Meeting.† The Norton Anthology of English Literature The Twentieth Century Volume 2C Seventh Edition. Ed. M.H. Abrahms. New York, N.Y. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2000.

Romeo and Juliet vs Wesi Side Story

Rooney 1 Samuel Rooney Danielle Cornum English 9 30 January 2012 Similarities and Differences of Romeo and Juliet and West Side Story No one goes through all of life without the knowledge of these two timeless classics: West Side Story and Romeo and Juliet. These films are each a great literary work that defines the true meaning of life, sorrows and love. We all have knowledge of Shakespeare’s original Romeo and Juliet. In 1957 Leonard Bernstein created a Broadway Musical with a plot similar to Romeo and Juliet.As well as this film, Baz Luhrmann created a film in 1996 using the exact play write from the original Romeo and Juliet set in modern times. Luhrmann entitled his film simple, Romeo and Juliet. These two timeless tales can be compared in many ways, such as: the differences and similarities Romeo and tony, the differences and similarities of each of the fighting scenes, and the differences and similarities of the wedding scene. Rome and Tony are two of the most complex c haracters in all of literature. They can be compared and contrasted in many ways.The two different characters each have their very own attitude, this sets them apart but also brings the similarities out. â€Å"Ay me! Sad hours seem long. Was that my father that went hence so fast? (Lit Book) when you first come upon Romeo he is sad and lovesick. On the contrary when you first come upon Tiny he is very upbeat and joking Rooney 2 with his friends; two very different attitudes. The actions of these two are also very good examples of comparing and contrasting the similarities and differences between Romeo and Juliet and West Side Story. What shall this speech be spoken for our excuse? Or shall we go on without apology? † (Lit Book) Romeo is very reluctant to go to the party, he is nervous and scared. On the contrary, Tony is happy and excited to go the party, he welcomes the challenge to meet new women. Last but not least both Rome and Tony are hopeless Romantics, and there is no cure for such a disease as romanticism. â€Å"It is I my lady. Oh, it is my love! Oh, that she knew she were! (Lit Book) they both have a very potent form of love. They cannot get over Juliet in Romeo’s case and Maria in Tony’s case.Hopeless Romanticism is the most common similarity that Tony and Romeo have. Many more similarities and differences can be found, these are the main points that have been brought to attention for this particular essay. Many think that these two fighting scenes are straight forward and not complex, but on the contrary there are many similarities and differences. In Romeo and Juliet the fighting scene is somewhat of a duel, and not a full on combat such as in West Side Story. â€Å"Romeo, the love I bear for thee can afford. No better term than this: thou art a villain. † In Romeo and Juliet Tybalt challenges

Populism

Populism DBQ During the period of 1880-1900, farmers were facing many hardships. Financial issues were one of the main difficulties as well as long hours, droughts, insect plagues, and ranchers and cowboys. The farmers refused to back down without a fight. Farmers made valid complaints and expected something to be done about it. Their complaints weren’t being listened to and they took matter into their own hands. The Farmers Alliance was formed in the 1890’s to serve for needs of education, farming methods, and to organize economic and political action. A great hardship farmers faced was overproduction of crops.Because of the over production, crop prices were lowered and farmers weren’t able to make much money. In Document E, J. Laurence Laughlin, â€Å"Causes of Agriculture Unrest†, it explains the enlargement of supply without the corresponding increase of demand. This being something that caused some farmers to even go into a depression. Farmers needed more land to compensate for the price. Also happening during this time was the drastic change between gold and silver currency. The change was creating chaos. When gold became scarce, government took it upon themselves to make silver the new form of currency.In Document A, The Platform of the People’s (populist) party, it states that silver being the new currency as opposed to gold made the value of property and labor go down. Thus only adding to the difficulties farmers had to paying. The rising costs greatly affected farmers in the 1800-1900’s. Big companies kept their prices high making it almost impossible for small farmers to keep up. They also had to keep up with the middle man and warehouses and retailers stores that shared the profit. In Document F, James B. Weaver â€Å"A Call to Action: An Interpretation of Great Uprising†, it says monopolies are key to destroy competition.That’s exactly what they were doing to small farms so they’d no lo nger have competition. They would decrease the prices of raw materials then they’d increase the price to the consumer. This guaranteed farmers to be in debt for years to come. Document D, The Farmer’s Voice: a Chicago Newspaper, the cartoon shows a lineup of farmer’s mortgages going into foreclosure because they just cannot afford their farms anymore. Railroads during this time had to raise their prices as well. They charged more for short haults so they’d be able to stay in business. In Document G, Testimony of George W.Parker, Railroads were feeling the effects of the rising costs too. To survive, the only thing they could do was to raise their prices aswell. Value of money caused great tensions for farmers. As gold became less available to get and silver became predominant, it was changed into the new currency. The silver to gold ratio was 16 ounces of silver to 1 ounce of gold. In Document B, Acceptance Speech of William McKinley, he states debasement of currency means destruction of value. Free silver didn’t change anything for farmers, they were still in debt working long hours with horrible pay.As if the money wasn’t scarce enough, immigrats coming to the land and increasing population made circulation of the money even worse. In Document C, United States government data, you see the number in thousands of increasing population while the money in circulation takes a large dip before slowly regaining standard. Farmers faced many problems during the period of 1880-1900. The change in currency and rise of prices were main difficulties. The farmer’s complaints were justified. The hardships they went through were extremely tough and many made it through. The reason for some success was because they refused to back down without a fight.

Oral Script About Titanic Essay

Good morning to my teacher and fellow friends. Today I want to talk about the sinking of Titanic. RMS Titanic was a passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean on 15 April 1912 after colliding with an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. The sinking of Titanic caused the deaths of 1,514 people in history. She was the largest ship afloat at the time of her maiden voyage. One of three liners operated by the White Star Line, she was built between 1909-11 by the Harland and Wolff Shipyard in Belfast. Her passengers included some of the wealthiest people in the world, as well as over a thousand emigrants from Britain,  Ireland,  Scandinavia  and elsewhere seeking a new life in North America. The ship was designed to be the last word in comfort and luxury, with an on-board gymnasium, swimming pool, libraries, high-class restaurants and opulent cabins. She also had a powerful wireless telegraph provided for the convenience of passengers as well as for operational use. Though she had advanced safety features such as watertight compartments and remotely activated watertight doors, she lacked enough lifeboats to accommodate all of those aboard. Due to outdated maritime safety regulations, she carried only enough lifeboats for 1,178  people – a third of her total passenger and crew capacity. After leaving Southampton, England on 10  April 1912,  Titanic  called at  France  and Ireland before heading westwards towards New York. On 14 April 1912, four days into the crossing and about 375 miles south of Newfoundland, she hit an iceberg at 11:40  pm. The glancing collision caused  Titanic’s hull plates to buckle inwards in a number of locations on her  starboard  side and opened five of her sixteen watertight compartments to the sea. Over the next two and a half hours, the ship gradually filled with water and sank. Passengers and some crew members were evacuated in lifeboats, many of which were launched only partly filled. Just before 2:20  am  Titanic  broke up and sank bow-first with over a thousand people still on board. Those in the water died within minutes from  hypothermia  caused by immersion in the freezing ocean. The 710 survivors were taken aboard from the lifeboats by the  RMS Carpathia  a few hours later. The disaster was greeted with worldwide shock and outrage at the huge loss of life and the regulatory and operational failures that had led to it. Many of the survivors lost all of their money and possessions and were left destitute; many families, particularly those of crew members from Southampton, lost their primary bread-winners. They were helped by an outpouring of public sympathy and charitable donations. Some of the male survivors, notably the White Star Line’s chairman,  J.Bruce Ismay, were accused of cowardice for leaving the ship while people were still on board, and they faced social ostracism. The  wreck of the  Titanic  remains on the seabed, gradually disintegrating at a depth of 12,415 feet (3,784  m). Since its rediscovery in 1985, thousands of artifacts have been recovered from the sea bed and put on display at museums around the world. Titanic  has become one of the most famous ships in history, her memory kept alive by numerous  books, films, exhibits and memorials. That’s all. Thank you.

Resolving The Pure Enantiomers Of Phenylethylamine Environmental Sciences Essay

The intent of this research lab was to decide the pure enantiomorphs of (  ± ) -?-phenylethylamine ( racemic ) mixture, by dividing their diasteriomeric derived functions utilizing ( + ) -tartaric acid. The differing enantiomorphs form different salts with acids. Two molecules that are enantiomorphs have about indistinguishable physical and chemical belongingss although this may be true, the salts that are formed after the reaction with acid have distinguishable belongingss. Some salts are less soluble [ ( + ) ( – ) ] than others, and hence crystallize from the mixture in a about pure stereoisomeric signifier. When utilizing NaOH as a strong base to handle the salt, it allows for the isolation of the enantiomorph ( Lab Manual, 2007 ) . Polarimetry is a common method used to separate between enantiomorphs, based on their ability to revolve the plane of polarized visible radiation in opposite waies ( + and – ) . This allows the perceiver to find the enantiomeric purenes s, and hence the composing of the mixture ( Wade, 2007 Chemical Chemical reaction: ( – ) -amine ( + ) -amine less soluble salt [ ( – ) ( + ) ] : crystallizes more soluble salt [ ( + ) ( + ) ] remains in solution 2NaOH+ 2H2O( – ) -?-phenylethylamine ( Lab Manual, 2007 ) Procedure: Alternatively of utilizing a 50 milliliter beaker to boil the amine solution in, we used a 50 milliliter Erlenmyer flask For the remainder of the proceduce refer to pg. 18, 22-24 ( Lab Manual, 2007 ) Observations: The crystals were given a 4 hebdomad crystallisation period and afterward, the ( – ) -?-phenylethylamine- ( + ) -hydrogen tartrate salt was observed to be a white crystalline solid, and the methyl alcohol was a crystalline liquid. Two really distinguishable beds were seeable following the reaction with the NaOH ( strong base ) and add-on of the methylene chloride ( CH2Cl2 ) . The top bed was translucent in some topographic points and opaque in others, really cloudy, white liquid, while the bottom bed was crystalline and besides liquid. The attendant mixture following the three separate extractions was close to transparent Consequences: Table 1: Experimental Datas: Multitudes and Optical Rotations Mass Filter Paper 0.58 g Filter Paper + Initial Crystal Sample 8.25 g Recovered Crystal Sample 7.67 g 50 milliliters Erlenmeyer Flask with 2 boiling rocks 39.75 g 50 milliliters Erlenmeyer Flask with Amine merchandise and 2 boiling rocks 42.63 g Amine merchandise 2.88 g Optical Rotation Specific Rotation of ( – ) -?-phenylethylamine -31.8o Table 2: Experimental Raw Given Data Volume of (  ± ) -?-phenylethylamine 10.0 milliliter Density of (  ± ) -?-phenylethylamine 0.9395 g/mL Molecular Weight of ( – ) -?-phenylethylamine 121.8 g/mol Molecular Weight of ( + ) -tartaric acid 150.09 g/mol [ ? ] D ( – ) -?-phenylethylamine -40.4o  ± 0.2o Table 3: Multitudes, Moles, Optical Purity, and % Output Mass (  ± ) -?-phenylethylamine 9.40 g Gram molecules (  ± ) -?-phenylethylamine 0.0776 mol Gram molecules ( – ) -?-phenylethylamine 0.0388 mol Gram molecules of tartaric acid: 0.0388 mol Percentage Output of ( – ) -?-phenylethylamine- ( + ) -hydrogen tartrate 73.1 % Percentage Output of ( – ) -?-phenylethylamine 61.3 % Optical Purity 83.7 % Calculations: % Output of ( – ) -?-phenylethylamine- ( + ) -hydrogen tartrate: Mass (  ± ) -?-phenylethylamine Gram molecules (  ± ) -?-phenylethylamine m (  ± ) -?-phenylethylamine = denseness ten volume = 0.9395 g/mL X 10 milliliter = 9.40 g N (  ± ) -?-phenylethylamine = mass/molecular weight = 9.40 g/ 121.18 g/mol = 0.0776 mol Gram molecules ( – ) -?-phenylethylamine and tartaric acid: N ( – ) -?-phenylethylamine = 0.0776 mol/ 2 = 0.0388 mol *Racemic mixture so divided by 2* ( half of entire moles ) N ( + ) -tartaric acerb = N ( – ) -?-phenylethylamine = 0.0388 mol Theoretical Output of ( – ) -?-phenylethylamine- ( + ) -hydrogen tartrate: Actual Output of ( – ) -?-phenylethylamine- ( + ) -hydrogen tartrate: m ( – ) -?-phenylethylamine- ( + ) -hydrogen tartrate = n x M = 0.0388 mol X ( 121.18 g/mol + 150.09 g/mol ) = 10.5 g m ( – ) -?-phenylethylamine- ( + ) -hydrogen tartrate = Mass filter paper + initial crystal sample – Mass filter paper = 8.25 g – 0.58 g = 7.67 g Percentage Output of ( – ) -?-phenylethylamine- ( + ) -hydrogen tartrate: % Output = ( Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield ) X 100 % i? Actual ( what was obtained after experiment ) = ( 7.67 g / 10.5 g ) X 100 % i? Theoretical ( the mass that should hold been = 73.1 % obtained if all aminoalkane was extracted ) % Output of ( – ) -?-phenylethylamine: Theoretical Output of ( – ) -?-phenylethylamine Actual Output of ( – ) -?-phenylethylamine Since the initial mixture was racemic: m ( – ) -?-phenylethylamine = m (  ± ) -?-phenylethylamine / 2 = 9.40 g / 2 = 4.70 g m ( – ) -?-phenylethylamine = mflask w/ amine+ rocks -mflask w/ rocks = 39.75 g – 42. 63 g = 2.88 g Percentage Output of ( – ) -?-phenylethylamine % Output = ( Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield ) X 100 % i? Actual ( what was obtained after experiment ) = ( 2.88 g / 4.70 g ) X 100 % i? Theoretical ( the mass that should hold been = 61.3 % obtained if all aminoalkane was extracted Optical Purity of Sample: Theoretical Optical Purity: Actual Optical Purity: Optical Purity = -40.4o  ± 0.2o Specific Rotation ( [ ? ] D ) : =Optical Rotation [ ? ( observed ) ] / c * 1 = -31.8o / ( 1.0 diabetes mellitus x 0.94 g/mL ) = -33.8o Optical Purity: = ( Actual optical pureness obtained/ theoretical optical pureness ) X 100 % = -33.8o / -40.4o x 100 % = 83.7 % Discussion: When the ( + ) -tartaric acid was added to the racemic mixture, (  ± ) -?-phenylethylamine, ( – ) -amine- ( + ) -hydrogen tartrate, and ( + ) -amine- ( + ) -hydrogen tartrate salts were formed. The ( – ) -amine- ( + ) -hydrogen tartrate was much less soluble in methyl alcohol, and hence crystallized out of the solution ( Lab Manual, 2007 ) . This method of separation was proven to be rather successful, as the per centum output of this crystallisation was 73.1 % , which is comparatively high. The presence of drosss, every bit good as the inability to wholly crystallise the salt from methyl alcohol most probably attributed to any disagreements. It is besides possible that although the ( – ) ( + ) salt is less soluble than the other salts, it still has some kind of solubility, and hence crystallizes instead easy ( hence the compulsory 2 hebdomad waiting period, in our instance it was 4 hebdomads ) . As good, the other salts, despite their high solubility in methyl alcohol, may hold still crystallized really somewhat over the long waiting period, adding to drosss Addition of NaOH resulted in the formation of two distinguishable beds: a white, cloudy aqueous bed ( top ) , and a clear aminoalkane bed ( underside ) , and allowed for the isolation of ( – ) -?-phenylethylamine ( Lab Manual, 2007 ) . The add-on of 5 milliliter of H2O to the flask confirm that the top bed was the aqueous bed, since it increased comparative to the bottom bed and the H2O was absorbed here ( Lab Manual, 2007 ) . The aqueous bed consisted of the ( – ) -amine, along with Na tartrate, and H2O, while the aminoalkane bed included any drosss. The Na tartrate readily dissolved in H2O, while methylene chloride ( CH2Cl2 ) was added to fade out ( – ) -?-phenylethylamine ( boiling point ~ 186oC ) , since it had a lower boiling point ( 40oC ) , and could easy be removed through warming ( Synthesis and declaration of alpha-phenyethylamine. After a filtration procedure, including a series of extractions, there was per centum output of 61.3 % for the ( – ) -?-phenylethylamine, which is a lower output than the original 73.1 % , bespeaking that there was a loss of aminoalkane during the 2nd portion of the experimental process. The chief cause of this mistake was the inadvertent disposal of much of the aminoalkane bed, in which a little sum of ( – ) -?-phenylethylamine was still present. The presence of some drosss may hold besides affected consequences, nevertheless, they would hold alternatively increased the output and lead to deceptive consequences. Another possible cause of mistake is the little escape out of the glass stopper on the separatory funnel when the solution was shaken. There was a spot of solution that leaked out the underside or squirted out the top when let go ofing the force per unit area in the funnel. Subsequently, the mistake that well lowered the output of the merchandise greatly increa ses the optical pureness of the mixture. The ascertained rotary motion of the concluding sample was -31. 8o ( levorotatory, left manus rotary motion ) and the specific rotary motion was -33.8o compared with the empirical specific rotary motion of -40.4o  ± 0.2o ( Lab Manual, 2007 ) . The attendant optical pureness was 83.7 % , which is well high. Aside from the antecedently mentioned disposal of the organic bed, legion other mistakes, such as the presence of drosss may hold contributed to divergences in the optical pureness. The negative ( antagonistic clockwise ) rotary motion basically confirmed that the enantiomorph being isolated was the ( – ) -?-phenylethylamine, and the high optical pureness demonstrated that the extraction was accomplished with much success and considerable truth, since the concluding merchandise was chiefly ( – ) -amine, despite the comparatively low output.